The Most Important Feature of Life in Mesopotamia Essay

The Most Important Feature of Life in Mesopotamia - Essay Example The training of plants and creatures, for example, steers in the region not just changed the lives of individuals living in the region, it additionally had the impact of drastically changing the course of mankind's history. So as to think about their groups of creatures a harvests, it was essential for individuals to live in one spot and this required there be a move from a traveling way of life to individuals presently settling in towns (Moorey, 1-2). The various parts of the streams Euphrates and Tigris made it workable for cultivating exercises to be directed in Mesopotamia. In any case, the locale was inclined to visit flooding notwithstanding experiencing the impacts of hot and dry climatic periods at specific seasons that made it difficult to direct cultivating exercises. To handle this issue, the Mesopotamians turned into the principal individuals to endeavor an enormous scope control of water by means of the utilization of an incorporated arrangement of repositories, embankments, reservoir conduits, seepage channels, and waterways. The utilization of this conduit framework empowered the occupants of this district to direct cultivating exercises throughout the entire year (Pollock 29-32). Cultivating had an incredible effect in the lives of Mesopotamians as it prompted the advancement of urban communities as individuals settled down and quit driving migrant ways of life. It likewise guaranteed that they appreciated food security consistently and this considered them to discover time to wander into creating different occupations, for example, workmanship and stoneware notwithstanding creating composition (Pollock 29-32). Another surprising part of life in Mesopotamia is that human advancement had a political administration framework. The political administration framework was conformed to the Sumerian urban communities every one of which shaped its own special city-express that was principally made out of the city and the whole farmland that encompassed it (Hansen, 117).â â

News and Houses

News and Houses News and Houses News and Houses By Maeve Maddox Of late I’ve saw that few commentators on NPR (National Public Radio)both national and neighborhood announcershave taken to articulating the word news as [noos]. U.S. furthermore, British speakers typically contrast in the manner in which they articulate the vowel in news. Most U.S. speakers state [nooz]. English articulation is [nyooz]. The elocution [noos] is another one on me. Some time before I heard [noos], I started to see a move in the manner some U.S. speakers articulate the words house and houses, articulating the [z] of the plural as [s]. I previously saw it in the discourse of Chicago speakers, yet now I hear it in the national media. House is articulated diversely as per whether it is a thing or an action word. â€Å"Let’s paint the house pink.† (thing) Utilized as a thing, house is articulated [hous]. The plural of house is houses [hou-ziz]. â€Å"Relief administrations must house all the destitute tempest survivors.† (action word) As an action word, house is articulated [houz]. House has a - ing structure that can be utilized as either a thing or an action word: â€Å"Local inns are giving transitory lodging to the survivors.† (verbal thing) â€Å"FEMA is lodging the survivors in versatile homes.† (present participle) The way to express lodging is [hou-zing] A few guidelines oversee the way to express the letter s in English. I’ll notice just the ones that apply to news and houses. houses On the off chance that the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound like [s] or [z]), the last solid is articulated like an additional syllable: [houz-iz] news In the event that the last letter of the word finishes in a vowel sound (for example honey bees, flies), the s is articulated [z]. Don’t let the consonant letter w in news fool you. English has a lot more vowel sounds than it has vowel letters. The w in news has a place with the vowel digraph ew, the vowel sound heard in news. Such convenient principles for the way to express s toward the finish of words don't exist for s in an average position. Those you should learn on a word-by-word premise. If all else fails, counsel a word reference. Fascinating side note: One of the hosts on my neighborhood NPR station articulates early afternoon as [njun] rather than [noon]. She says that a program is on â€Å"from 11 a.m. to [njun].† I’m trusting that another broadcaster will do it. I figure this sort of thing might be getting. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsDouble Possessive

How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In The Guardian

How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In The Guardian How Making My Book Available in Print Landed It In The Guardian When Katja Meier set out to writeâ about the delights and difficulties she experienced when running an evacuee home in Tuscany, she had just wanted to distribute a digital book. Much to her dismay, her journal had other (greater) plans, that depended on being accessible in print too. This is the manner by which she ended up urgently looking for a typesetting arrangement in the night, with a dispatch date approaching... Spared by the Reedsy Book EditorI found the Reedsy Book Editor late one night when frantically raking the web for an answer for my erratic typesetting endeavor. I pursued a free record promptly, began to transfer the 23 sections of my original copy at 12 PM, and by 2 AM, I downloaded the print-prepared PDF.It looked incredible yet had one issue I couldn’t sort out myself: Across the Big Blue Sea incorporates a portion of an exploration article which centers around little-realized realities connected to human dealing in Europe. I had the author’s consent to incorporate the content yet just on the off chance that it was organized uniquely in contrast to the remainder of the book. Since the selection is a few pages in length, just placing it in cursive wouldn’t do.I sent Reedsy an email at 3 AM, making a decent attempt to seem to be a quiet, prepared proficient (and not as the went crazy, first-time creator who had set herself an inappropriate dispatch date). In the first part of the day, I woke up to a message from Matt Cobb (Reedsy prime supporter and planner), who vowed to examine the issue. What's more, that exact same week, I got another rendition of my original copy with the passage wonderfully set apart in a sans-serif textual style and the ameliorating information that I’d have the option to make my dispatch date.From independently published journal to Guardian â€Å"best summer book†Some things you can design, others you can’t. I had sent an email to The Guardian’s book-looking into group a few months before the book was distributed. Of course, particularly for a non mainstream writer, I never heard back.Luckily, a couple of months sooner I had accepted showcasing counsel from Jesse Finkelstein of pagetwostrategies.com and kept in touch with a portion of my preferred writers requesting supports. This isn't a simple activity - it requires some investment from writers who are most likely previously overwhelme d with comparative solicitations. In any case, it's well worth asking, particularly on the off chance that you feel the writer may be really keen on the subject of your book.By appearing provision, while The Guardian wasn’t hitting me up, one of the essayists I had reached for supports composed back and said she’d be glad to get a duplicate (and four more stuck to this same pattern!). Taiye Selasi, writer of the magnificent Ghana Must Go, didn’t simply compose a keen underwriting for me to utilize, she additionally recalled Across the Big Blue Sea when The Guardian approached her for her preferred books of the mid year. Furthermore, obscure to me, Taiye had just referenced my book a couple of months before in The Guardian’s â€Å"Books That Made Me† series.I got fortunate twice, and I’m apprehensive I’ll need to negate Louis Pasteur’s adage here: for reasons unknown, chance doesn’t simply favor the readied mind, it addit ionally favors the decidedly ready book and the valiant writer. (For hell's sake, it takes guts to contact your preferred authors for endorsements)!Print is a long way from deadFrom the day the book was first distributed in February 2017, I have been selling more print books than digital books. I wouldn’t need to pass up the digital book adaptation - all things considered, I care about individuals who live in forsaken places without a dependable postal assistance. Be that as it may, my deals would look desperate on the off chance that it wasn’t for the print version. Whatever retailer I take a gander at, the soft cover admissions better.And when I meet the American understudies whose colleges use Across the Big Blue Sea as a course reading for their investigation abroad projects in Italy, I’m each time amazed and regarded again that they travel with a print duplicate in their backpacks.Back to the Reedsy Book Editor once moreWith Italian and German interpretatio ns in the pipeline, I’ll be back for a couple of evening time dates with the Reedsy Book Editor right on time one year from now (be careful Matt, increasingly edgy 3 AM messages coming your direction). Yet, having the option to effectively refresh my book demonstrated valuable and essential for the effectively distributed English release as well. I previously refreshed the original copy once to include two pages of supports toward the start of the book. And keeping in mind that we’re dealing with the film adjustment of Across the Big Blue Sea, I’m wanting to keep perusers jour of the advancement there too.But having the option to revise the original copy doesn’t simply mean I can improperly gloat about film rights and cool surveys in The Guardian: all the more significantly, I can refresh the data on the best way to help the transient ladies referenced in my book. What's more, that is, all things considered, why I plunked down to compose it in the first p lace.How has distributing print duplicates of your book influenced your distributing experience? Leave any musings or inquiries for Katja in the remarks beneath!

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics Beforehand, we talked about 10 realities for exposition on microbiology in our first guide on this theme. We’re certain that these realities more likely than not permitted you to get a handle on some tenable data on microbiology, on which you can begin composing right away. To make things simpler, we have included two additional aides for you. In this second guide you’re going to get to know 20 microbiology exposition points pertinent to microbiology. This will help you recorded as a hard copy your proposition as you won't need to scratch your head looking for thoughts. Numerous understudies just don’t realize where to begin, which is the reason these points can prove to be useful. Besides, we have likewise incorporated a short example paper article. This example exposition would permit you to realize how a thesis is organized. We have additionally expressed a few references to assist you with discovering more data on a particular theme in the event that you choose to pick it for your paper. After you’re done perusing this guide, we energetically prescribe you to peruse the last guide, how to compose a decent exposition on microbiology, which would assist you with creating a heavenly thesis paper. Right away let’s focus on our themes: A Microbiological Analysis of Shea Butter Sold in Washington, US A Dissertation Paper on Tapeworms and The Dangers Associated With Them A Microbiological Characterization of Ebola Virus The Spreading of Influenza in World War II and its Effects on the War Cell Microbiology: The Use of Restriction-Modification (R-M) The Clinical Outcomes of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections Applied Microbiology: How Microorganisms can Generate BioFuels The Aetiological Agent of Johnes Disease: Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis otherwise known as MAP †The Most Important Bacterial Pathogen in Ruminants How the Study of Microorganisms Has Prevented Life-Threatening Diseases The Important Role of Microbiology in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries The Invention of Microscope and the Impact on How we Know Microbiology A Dissertation Paper on the Fermentation of Starch and The Activities and Specificities of Enzymes in it A Study on Microorganisms Found in Onions The Correlation of Malaria and Some Species of Plasmodium (a Microorganism) A Study in Microbiology: The Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) A Study on Bacterias that can Withstand One of the Most Powerful Antimicrobial (Antibiotics) without Hassle A Microbiological Study on the Effects of Obesity on Patients with High Blood Pressure A Microbiological Study on How Yogurts are Commercially Prepared in New York A Dissertation Paper on Wetland Bacteria, its Properties, and its Functionalities A Thorough Research and Study on Cyanophycin: a Bacterial Polymer There you have it! These themes definitely have opened up your psyche towards composing your exposition paper. To make things much simpler, we have picked one of the themes referenced above, to furnish you with a short paper test article, so you can have a significant smart thought on how it’s organized: Test Essay on the Invention of Microscopes around 1590 that Opened a Whole New World of Microorganisms For longer than a centuries, people could see nothing littler than the thickness of their hair, until around the 1590, when the magnifying instrument was designed. Through this pioneer instrument, people had the option to see recently concealed universe of microorganisms †living in nourishments we eat, water we drink and even the air we breath in. Be that as it may, there is an issue in the history itself; Nobody knows without a doubt who imagined the magnifying lens, however there are three masters, who are referenced as the innovators of this inconceivable instrument: Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen. These two splendid innovators are referred to have functioned as a dad child group. Be that as it may, there is a third name also. Numerous students of history guarantee the designer to be the popular Hans Lippershey, known for recording the primary patent for a telescope. Coincidently, the Janssens were living in a similar town where Lippershey was living in. In any case, the letters of Dutch Diplomat William Borrell, at first sent to the doctor of French King, expressed that Zacharias Janssen discussed the magnifying instrument. Be that as it may, it was just talking, and the innovation was truly observed a very long time after. At the hour of the letter, which was in the mid 1590s, Zacharias was additionally a youngster, so the students of history contend about that as well. By and by, whoever created this instrument, made a glorious showing. The main magnifying lens was a huge achievement, however it required upgrades that were acquired gratitude to the names like Galileo, Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll. In any case, the right time when magnifying instruments advanced was in the start of the 21st century when Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll designed the electron magnifying instrument, which is presently utilized around the world. This specific focal point could resolve protests that were littler than the frequency of noticeable light, which had become the hindrance of past magnifying lens. The electron magnifying instrument has upset the investigation of small scale life forms. Today, an assortment of magnifying lens can be found in labs, including yet not restricted to: reflecting magnifying lens, bright magnifying instruments, confocal magnifying instruments, stage differentiate magnifying lens, and even some cutting edge magnifying instruments that can show a solitary iota. In straightforward words, the creation of magnifying lens didn’t just offer ascent to the investigation of microorganisms, which we call microbiology, however it likewise reformed different parts of science and had helped researchers in exploring and building up their hypotheses. Because of the creation of magnifying lens, microbiologists would now be able to make sense of which microorganisms are really required for human endurance and which are definitely not. Using a magnifying instrument, microbiologists can likewise see how pathogens (the unsafe microscopic organisms) work, and how this type of microorganisms can be securely eradicated. Because of this advancement, we are making new achievements in the realm of medication and have annihilated a few sicknesses from the substance of this world. We are additionally taking a shot at remedies for malignancy and HIV because of these mechanical progressions. Amazing! Presently you have the subjects, just as an example article to give you a head start in making your thesis paper. Let’s head on to our last manual for become more acquainted with how a paper is really composed and organized. References: Mouton, J. M., Helaine, S., Holden, D. W., Sampson, S. L. (2016). Clarifying populace wide mycobacterial replication elements at the single-cell level. Microbiology. Drancourt, M., Michel-Lepage, A., Boyer, S., Raoult, D. (2016). The Point-of-Care Laboratory in Clinical Microbiology. Clinical microbiology audits, 29(3), 429-447. Nunes-Alves, C. (2016). Applied microbiology: Shining a light on biofuels. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(2), 63-63. Attar, N. (2016). Cell microbiology: Damage confinement after neighborly fire. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(3), 130-130. Rathnaiah, G., Bannantine, J. P., Bayles, D. O., Zinniel, D. K., Stabel, J. R., Grã ¶hn, Y. T., Barletta, R. G. (2016). Investigation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis freak libraries uncovers loci-subordinate transposition inclinations and procedures for novel freak disclosure. Microbiology, 162(4), 633-641. Forchhammer, K., Watzer, B. (2016). Microbiology Comment. Microbiology, 162(5), 727-729.

Human Resourse Management in Pakistan Free Essays

HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN (Major Human recourses challenges in Pakistan general wellbeing framework, Human Recourse framework arrangements and approaches to address those difficulties) Introduction Human assets are the core of the wellbeing framework and medicinal services supervisors have a basic job in assurance of execution of the framework [1]. Our reserve funds and speculation level can be raised just when we are in a situation to change over our useless and underutilized human and normal assets into dynamic and self-supported capital and potential quickening agent of financial development. The World Health Organization (WHO) has characterized the wellbeing workforce as â€Å"all individuals fundamentally occupied with activities with the essential purpose of upgrading health†. We will compose a custom article test on Human Resourse Management in Pakistan or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now This definition is predictable with the WHO meaning of wellbeing frameworks as involving all exercises with the essential objective of improving wellbeing. The wellbeing workforce is one of the most significant mainstays of the wellbeing framework. Sufficient numbers and nature of wellbeing laborers have been decidedly connected with fruitful execution of wellbeing intercessions, including inoculation inclusion, effort of essential consideration, and newborn child, youngster and maternal endurance. 2] Human Resource Management is a key to improve efficiency of individuals in the association. Great Human asset the board approach with key, moral and social obligation which further assistance to accomplish association objective and targets. Human Resource the executives is a workmanship to change changes as worker responsibility and opportunity through building up their insight aptitudes and persuading them. In creating nation human asset players are viewed as important since they can f ill in as acumen of an association. An unwavering, committed, talented, proficient and beneficial HR is significant resources of an association however not pondered the asset report. [3] Pakistan story In 1947, Pakistan was made as British principle reached a conclusion in India. In 1971, East Pakistan requested freedom, and after a grisly considerate war it was changed into what is presently the nation of Bangladesh. As one of the most packed nations on the planet, Pakistan faces gigantic financial and social emergencies. Luckily, be that as it may, it has a plenitude of normal assets that can assist it with conquering these difficulties [4] Pakistan is honored with immense regular and HR yet the greater part of these are in unrefined structure. â€Å"According to legitimate information, there are 127,859 specialists and 12,804 wellbeing offices in the nation to cook for more than 170 million individuals. † [5] â€Å"Infant death rate: 72/1,000 live birth, Maternal death rate: 260/100,000 live birth rather having 7. 8 Physicians/10,000 populace, 3. Attendants and birthing specialists/10,000 populace; by and large 11. 6 Health care workforce/10,000 populace in the country† [6] In Pakistan the wellbeing framework remains practically powerless and the nature of wellbeing administrations is poor, in spite of old established help for medicinal services as a privilege and a huge Ministry of Health at government and common levels [7, 8]. In Pakistan wellbeing division execution has not been ass essed as far as sources of info, procedures or exercises and yields for various kinds of assets including HR. Next to no is thought about structures of wellbeing supervisors, their aptitudes, and preparing, and spec ifically the strategy for arrangement. The as a matter of first importance essential for HR progress is the correct thoughtfulness regarding the wellbeing segment. No country can fantasy about obtaining transcendence in any field with debilitated and crippled people so created countries put a significant strong sum in their wellbeing area. In Pakistan, sadly, due consideration isn't paid to this significant segment. HR for wellbeing have as of late been underlined as a focal segment in giving a more grounded wellbeing framework to accomplish the Millennium Development Goals [9]. Nonappearance or nonimplementation of fitting human asset arrangements that address proper quantities of staff, their capabilities, sending, working conditions, and sexual orientation dispersion are related with numerous issues in the wellbeing work power [10]. Recurrence of turnover of key administrative staff has additionally been related with poor framework execution [11]. Human Resource Development and Management challenges Pakistan has been ordered as one of 57 nations that are confronting a HRH emergency, underneath the edge level characterized by WHO to convey the basic wellbeing mediations required to arrive at Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 [12]. Wellbeing workforce system is normally low on a country’s motivation, notwithstanding the understanding that scaling-up wellbeing mediations to reach MDGs is unimaginable without a base degree of wellbeing workforce. National wellbeing workforce procedures require dependable and auspicious data, judicious framework examination and a firm information base. Be that as it may, information investigation, inquire about on HRH and specialized aptitude are as yet immature in numerous nations, to some degree because of low interest in HRH [13]. Pakistan’s new draft National wellbeing approach 2009 commanded the advancement of techniques in different key zones, including HRH [14] There is an absence of clear long haul vision for human asset improvement and the government MOH or commonplace DOH doesn't have a unit, answerable for such a significant wellbeing framework work. [15] The awkward nature in wellbeing workforce regarding framework, sexual orientation and conveyance are notable in Pakistan. The open segment proceeds to vigorously put its rare assets in the advancement of clinical universities and colleges instead of putting resources into improving quality and amount of nursing organizations, general wellbeing schools and professionals preparing establishments. With regards to wellbeing framework improvement, there is a genuine deficiency of qualified wellbeing framework pros, for example, wellbeing and human res ource organizers, wellbeing business analysts, wellbeing data specialists and wellbeing framework and medical clinic chiefs. Pre - administration preparing of wellbeing experts follows customary techniques and there is a confound between instructive destinations, which center around medical clinic based consideration, rather than tending to the requirements of the networks for promotive, preventive therapeudic and rehabilitative administrations. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) is liable for enrollment, permitting and assessment of the clinical and dental specialists, the endeavors made by PMDC have not appeared at this point. Guideline of private specialists and distinctive conventional classifications of clinical practice, for example, homeopathic specialists and Yunani Hakims is non-existent. Human Resource in medicinal services isn't suitably arranged in Pakistan, with the outcome that there are a greater number of specialists than attendants, shortage of prepared birthing specialists, urban fixation, mind channel from country to urban territories and abroad, alongside different issues identified with educational program, nature of graduates and their proceeding with oversight. The administration structure for wellbeing laborers is ineffectively characterized it, favors residency over capability, generally overlooks specialized limits and doesn't permit motivations or prizes for execution. The lead of training for clinical, nursing and related units is generally customary and doesn't use late advancements in the field of clinical instruction. In spite of the fact that educational plans have been overhauled occasionally, in lion's share of cases they are not locally contextualized and are not founded on capabilities and aptitudes. There is no sorted out framework for proceeding with clinical training for any wellbeing suppliers who are likewise to a great extent solo and on occasion sick outfitted with more up to date information/aptitudes to handle rising maladies. This remains constant for the executives units too. The wellbeing framework is as of now not helpful for medical attendants, birthing assistants and united wellbeing experts assuming vital jobs in guaranteeing the arrangement and conveyance of compelling essential social insurance benefits in th e nonappearance of specialists. Wellbeing specialists presently can't seem to be persuaded that PHC administrations can be effectively given and conveyed by medical caretakers, birthing assistants and unified wellbeing experts making up neighborhood groups with the important staffing supplement and abilities blend. [14] All freely utilized specialists are taboo from rehearsing secretly and a large number of them get non rehearsing recompenses as a component of their non compensation stipends under the law of the nation, That in any case, the vast majority of them run worthwhile private part centers while working in medical clinics and regularly utilize the open segment influence to help rehearses in private office settings. Various untrustworthy practices, for example, declining to see patients I n medical clinics and alluding them to private centers are entrenched and are nearly viewed as an ordinary standard. Supplier rolled over-utilization of wellbeing administrations, over-solution, and over-utilization of diagnostics just as infringement of moral rules in clinical practice are settled in Pakistan. Regarding the morals of medicinal services alone, visit infringement of the four essential standards of: the Right to self-governance, Right to protection, Right to pick and Right to data are frequently observed. 17] High pace of continuous exchange and posting is additionally a significant explanation of low degrees of execution in general wellbeing area. An investigation was led on the 54 top common workplaces in the legislature of Sindh Department of Health over the time of 24 years (1981-2004). There were 689 exchanges/postings made in the 54 key workplaces concentrated over the multi year timeframe. Practically half (48. 9%) of these postings kept going no longer than 1 year. The workplaces influenced most noteworthy were tertiary/area care medical clinics (54 tim es) and region wellbeing workplaces (multiple times) individually. 18] Recommendation and need activities towards Human asset improvement Since the Pakistan is enhanced with human res

One Of The Greatest Challenges Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

One of the greatest challenges in this study was the availability of data for the SADC member countries. To efficiently model the effect that the stock market has on a countrys growth one would ideally need to have both a long time-series as well as sufficient cross- sections of data. However, the SADC region presents difficulties in that many of the regions exchanges were only recently established, and offer very little time-series data (Allen and Ndikumana, 2000:140). In what follows, section 4.1 presents the data used for the stock market development and economic growth nexus. Section 4.2 discusses the empirical method, that is, the econometric methodology, while section 4.3 presents concluding remarks. The primary data source for this study is the World Banks World Development Indicators. By being able to draw data from a single source we overcome the consistency and measurement problems associated with Levine and Zervoss (1998) use of two different data source. Also, we include several measures of stock market development (as opposed to a single composite measure used by Levine and Zervos). This more disaggregated approach is also recommended by Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (1996). Nine out of the ten SADC countries with stock exchanges have the relevant data. As such, data was obtained for the following countries: Botswana, Mauritius, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Mozambique was excluded from the regression sample due to a lack of data. The analysis covers the period from 1980 to 2011. This was grouped into eight data points based on averages of the following sub periods: 1980-1983, 1984-1987, 1988-1991, 1992-1995, 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004 -2007 and 2008-2011. All the sub period have four observations, which were in turn averaged to obtain the data for each sub period. However, because many of these exchanges were only recently established, many gaps were found within the data. Where less than four observations exist for a period, the available observations were averaged to obtain the data for the period. For instance, in a country if two observations were found for a sub period say 1992-1995, the average of the two is used for that period. But if only one observation is available, the only observation is used for the period. Thus, following this process we obtained a panel data of four data points for each country. This study will focus on the stock market development and growth nexus, using the real GDP growth rate as a proxy for economic growth and stock market capitalization as a percentage of GDP as a proxy for stock market development. The other variables used in the model are described as follows: GDP Growth Rate (GDP) GDP growth rate is the annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. It is used as the dependent variable as a proxy for economic growth. It is expected that as the stock market develops it will have a positive effect on economic growth (Mohtadi and Agarwal, 2000:9). It is expected that as the economy grows, it will produce a positive effect on the size of the stock market and as such it is also expected that the stock market will also grow (Naceur et al., 2007:482). In addition, the growth of an economy should create new demand for financial services while also offering a better business environment, thus prompting the growth of the stock market and hence a positive effect on stock market development is expected (Yartey, 2008:15). Market Capitalization Ratio (MCR) This is calculated by summing the value of all listed shares and dividing by GDP. It is assumed that the overall market size is positively correlated with the ability to mobilize capital and diversify risk on an economy-wide basis (Agarwal, 2000:50). The MCR is used as an explanatory variable. Here it is expected to have a positive effect on economic growth. Liquidity When analyzing stock market liquidity, two different indicators were used. These are: Total Value of Shares Traded Ratio (VTR): This variable equals the value of shares traded on the exchange divided by GDP (Mohtadi and Agarwal, 2000:6). This ratio is used to measure the value of equity transactions relative to the size of an economy, and as such should positively reflect liquidity on an economy-wide basis. The total value traded ratio complements the market capitalization ratio: although a market may be large, there may be little trading. We expect a positive relationship between the values of shares traded ratio and economic growth. Turnover Ratio (TR): This variable equals the value of total shares traded divided by market capitalization. That is to say it measures the value of equity transactions relative to the size of the stock market (Mohtadi and Agarwal, 2000:7). Although the turnover ratio is a measure of liquidity, high turnover may also indicate the presence of low transaction costs. The turnover ratio complements the market capitalization ratio. A large but inactive market will have a large market capitalization ratio but a small turnover ratio. Turnover also complements the total value traded ratio. While the total value traded ratio captures trading relative to the size of the economy, turnover measures trading relative to the size of the stock market. A small liquid market will have a high turnover ratio but a small total value traded ratio. As such liquid stock markets allow investors to change their financial positions relatively quickly and cheaply, while also facilitating investment projects and making them less risky (Levine, 1991:1447). Hence we expect the turnover ratio to have a positive influence in the model. Macroeconomic Instability Inflation refers to the persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a certain period of time. In an effort to take into account any macroeconomic instability and its effects on both economic growth and stock market development, the change in price level is used as an explanatory variable. It is expected that the higher the inflation variable, the less incentive investors or companies would have in investing in the stock market, and thus negatively affecting economic growth (Garcia and Liu, 1999:43). However, it has been noted that stock markets also provide some form of a hedge against inflation and hence one may expect a positive relationship between stock market development and inflation (Yartey, 2008:16). Therefore, it is not impossible to expect stock markets in countries with volatile macroeconomic conditions to also have volatile equity indexes and hence market capitalization (Garcia and Liu, 1999:43). Investment Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP is used in this study as a proxy for the investment rate, and it is used as an explanatory variable because it is believed that the investment rate plays an important role in economic growth (Agarwal, 2000:51). Furthermore, since stock markets are in retrospect financial intermediaries that intermediate savings to investment projects, it is logical to expect that the investment rate will be an important determinant of stock market development. As such, we expect the investment rate to have a positive impact in the model (Yartey, 2008:16). Financial Intermediary Development As both banks and stock markets intermediate savings towards investment, they can either be seen as substitutes or complements. Numerous authors including that of Boyd and Smith (1996) and Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (1996) have addressed this issue, with the vast majority concluding that they are generally seen as complements rather than substitutes and grow simultaneously (Garcia and Liu, 1999:40). In this study we use two indicators of financial intermediary development. The first one is the private credit by deposit money banks to GDP, or simply the credit to the private sector. It refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. It has been empirically shown by Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (1996) that stock market development and bank development are positively correlated. Secondly, liquid liabilities to GDP are used to show the ef fect the financial sector has on both growth and stock market development. Liquid liabilities are also known as M3. Liquid liabilities consist of demand deposits and interest bearing liabilities and non-bank financial intermediaries, and have been shown to have a positive impact on both economic growth and stock market development, thus we expect the same relationship to prevail (Garcia and Liu, 1999:41). 4.2 EMPIRICAL METHOD A panel data approach is employed in this study that covers nine countries within the SADC region. Specifically, the study uses a fixed effects panel data model. The fixed effects approach is relatively simple and is defined according to the following regression: Yit = i + Xit + it, i = 1, ,N; t = 1, ,Ti .. (4.1) Where Yit is the dependent variable, Xit is the vector of k explanatory variables, and i, i =1 N, are the constant coefficients that are specific to individual countries. Therefore, it is assumed that their presence allows for differences across the countries under study via any variations in these constant terms. These individual country coefficients are estimated together with the vector of slope coefficients (Naceur et al., 2007:483). Hsiao (1986) also suggested that in the scenario whereby there are some individual attributes which have been omitted and which are correlated with the other variables in the model, the fixed effects model produced unbiased estimates. As such, a panel data approach generally offers greater flexibility in the specification of the model rather than other single cross- country regressions, and hence will reduce misspecification of the model. Next we look at the model separately. 4.2.1 Model This model examines the stock market development and economic growth nexus directly. In this analysis, three regressions were estimated under different specifications in terms of their weightings. These are as follows: Yit = i + 1LMCRit+ 2INFit + 3LGCFit + 4LPCit + 5LLLit + 6GDPit-1 + it .. (4.2) Yit = i + 1LVTRit+ 2INFit + 3LGCFit + 4LPCit + 5LLLit + 6GDPit-1 + it .. (4.3) Yit = i + 1LTRit+ 2INFit + 3LGCFit + 4LPCit + 5LLLit + 6GDPit-1 + it .. (4.4) Where Y is the real per capita GDP growth rate set as a proxy for economic growth, LMCR is the market capitalization ratio, LVTR is the total value of shares traded ratio, and LTR is the turnover ratio. These ratios were run individually in the regressions, while also including other control variables that may have an impact on economic growth. Specifically, the control variables included are: the rate of inflation change (INF), the log of gross capital formation (LGCF) which was used as a proxy for the investment rate, two indicators of financial intermediary development (LPC and LLL), and while also including the lag of GDP. Furthermore, these regressions were estimated under both cross-section weights and period weights to allow for country specific heteroskedasticity and period heteroskedasticity (Eviews manual, 2008:543). 4.3 CONCLUSION This chapter discusses the data and the empirical model used for the analysis. The analysis cover the period 1980-2011 which was further divided into eight sub periods: 1980-1983,1984-1987, 1988-1991,1992-1995,1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007,2008-2011. The average of each sub periods was then obtained in order to obtain the data point for each period. The chapter further specifies the model and describes the econometric techniques used for the estimation, namely a fixed effects panel data approach. The model focuses on the relationship between stock market development and growth.

The Lost Secret of Law School Personal Statement Essay Samples

The Lost Secret of Law School Personal Statement Essay Samples Top Choices of Law School Personal Statement Essay Samples Personal Statement is going to do just fine. Developing why you're so special in the remainder of the statement. Life After Law School Personal Statement Essay Samples A personal statement delivers professional programs the chance to find out more about you make the most of it. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Anyway, if you will nonetheless require assistance, don't hesitate to turn to our expert services! Choosing our service, you are going to realize that studying can be simple if you gain from the aid of competent experts. Nearly all of examples are posted as a member of writing guides published on the internet by educational institutions. Lastly, you have to consider the remainder of your application when you pick a topic for your private statement. The statement also provides the selection panel a crystal clear insight of how your time spent within the college is going to be of an extra advantage to the entire community for a whole. In the latter instance, your personal statement shouldn't be a wide selection of themes and thoughts. Your school will probably set deadlines for writing your own personal statement. Let EssayEdge help you compose an application essay which gets noticed. A personal statement provides the selection committee more info about you that isn't captured in different documents. Your own personal statement is restricted to only 4,000 characters to convince a university to accept your application. In other situations, you'll just be requested to speak about yourself or why you'd be a great fit. In some instances, your personal statement is going to be focused not on why you need to attend a school program but instead on who you are and why you'd be the best fit. In the event you want any changes in your paper after it's completed you can ask for free revision. After you have planned the content and structure you must decide on how you'll articulate your ideas. Don't be pleased with just the very first draft, you need to have learned better than that in high school. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment very quickly and can help you boost your grades. Admissions officers wish to comprehend what's important to you and how your background has shaped you as an individual. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. As it offers a better comprehension of who you are past the normal application forms that you are able to fill. Any data which you believe to be related to your application is acceptable. Consider each of the elements of your application and make sure to're adding something new in your statement. A high-quality personal statement is a critical part of your UC AS application. You must give them a deeper feeling of yourself. Find somebody you feel comfortable and qualified letting revise your private statement and provide it to them. The personal statement is your very best opportunity to showcase your writing, so spend the opportunity to craft a piece you're really pleased with. Lastly, ask somebody else to read it back to you. A law school personal statement is your opportunity to spell out your strengths in a manner that can't be highlighted in other facets of your application. Try to remember you can only write one personal statement so avoid using language that's specific to one particular course or university. Again, you don't wish to provide a law school admissions committee member a simple reason for rejecting your own personal statement. Your law school personal statement is usually believed to be the most important facet of your law school application beyond your undergraduate GPA and your LSAT score. Law School Person al Statement Essay Samples Options Anything you include will demonstrate transferable abilities and show them what sort of person you're. It isn't necessary to talk about the law, tell us what kind of law you need to practice, or convey the degree of your legal experience. The personal statement is your opportunity to stand out as a person. The absolute most effective personal statements are usually in the shape of anecdotal, personal histories that are based on reflective, prayerful thought about your unique, God-given nature and character, what you've accomplished, and what exactly you would like to accomplish. Schools look for how you process an experience and what unique insight you're able to write about doing it. When an idea doesn't come to mind immediately, then consider your strengths and weaknesses and all the vital events and people in your life to see whether a theme emerges. The most important relevance of a Personal Statement is to create known your ambitions, th oughts, passions and other skills which aren't available on your resume that will cause you to stick out from the crowd. To know whether you're on the proper path. Who Else Wants to Learn About Law School Personal Statement Essay Samples? Despite the fact that it's annoying, starting over is sometimes the ideal approach to find an essay that you're really pleased with. LSAT or GRE scores taken within the previous 5 years are thought to be valid. Paragraph i state a synopsis of what you're going to speak about in the essay. You'll observe a similar structure in several of the essays. Don't forget, an admission essay sample may be a good way to find out more about the writing procedure and understand the task better. Try to produce your very last sentence a true clincher so the reader has a vivid impression of you. A typical mistake is to earn a statement and after that assume that the reader will be in a position to place it as relevant. You've just one first sentence to acquire the reader interested in YOU. There's a lot you may learn from well-structured personal statement examples. Understanding my former responsibilities when it comes to theory and learn to turn new theories into practice is a process I cannot wait to start. Legal experience isn't an element in admission. In some instances you may find it challenging to compose because of inadequate abilities and. Please remember that the personal statement is t he sole portion of the application procedure that permits you to demonstrate to the employer or the admissions panel why you are an ideal fit for the institution.

Making Sure Your Internet is Safe From Hackers 2019

There has been an astonishing proliferation of Internet connected computers in the last decade. Huge numbers of businesses and individuals are hooked up and able to access information and use information technology available worldwide. Along with the benefits, however, this technology brings come some definite risks. Unauthorized parties can easily access the information on your computer unless protective measures are taken. Studies show that it is fairly easy to gain unauthorized access to information in an insecure networked environment, which is how most of us operate. It is extremely difficult to catch intruders. A report published in 1997 by CERT (a registered trademark from Carnegie Mellon Institute) details the types of security breaches and makes it clear that nobody is immune from computer abuse. It happens at banks, insurance companies, hospitals, and private homes. When this report was published, the statistics showed that there were only 100 security incidents involving computers in 1988 and, by 1995, there had been 2,500. Obviously there is exponential growth in this situation from 1995 to the present day. .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3:active, .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ue4009ad57dcec8505036b08fa5f4dfa3:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Science and Engineering Degree ProgramsOne of the biggest news stories regarding security was recently reported on eWeek.com. This story details a vulnerability in Apple Computers Safari Web browser and worms that target the OS X operating system. This obviously affects computers not running on the Windows operating system. What can you do to protect yourself? There are several methods used to make data safer on home and business computers. Passwords, access control files and keys, and encryption algorithms are often used to minimize the risk of intrusion. Several products are offered online which can help individuals and businesses assess their computer intrusion risk. Janco Associates, Inc. produces a security manual that is 178 pages in length. It includes a questionnaire to establish the threat and vulnerability to your computer system. Part of this service is an update to the manual for 18 months, as new risks are introduced into the online highway. .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9:active, .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u768a028c7f213d6d8cafcdbffc57fee9:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Computer Science Related CareersMicrosoft offers security updates for Windows users. Window Defender scans your system to remove unwanted software. Microsofts website offers tools and tips on how to scan and clean your computer to rid it of unwanted information that can damage your systems and result in a loss of information. There are products available like Symantec AntiVirus (which Gateway calls its best deal) to clean up security issues. Any software product with anti-virus in its name is probably a safe bet. We are in an age of incredible computer technology, but as more and more people avail themselves of this privilege, the risk of intrusion is increased. Dont let your information fall into the wrong hands. Take steps to protect yourself today. Related ArticlesThe Academics of Information TechnologyFrom IT School to an IT CareerUnderstanding Computer ScienceBusiness Administration Careers You Should ConsiderThe Information Technology IndustryWebsites Helping Small Business .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2:active, .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opa city: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9c950070756286232da5bf9b8a9f78f2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ The Path to Teaching A Bachelor's Degree in Education

Substance Abuse And Mental Health Problems - 877 Words

FINAL PROJECT 2 Introduction Substance abuse and mental health problems are serious issues in our society. These problems appear to be associated, so it is necessary to look at both and how they interact (Ramchand). Substance abuse can bring about or exacerbate existing mental health problems, including suicidal ideation and attempts. Medical professionals cannot begin to resolve the issue of substance abuse related suicidal ideation or attempts unless they have an effective solution. A solution cannot be created until there is enough evidence stating that there is a connection between substance abuse and suicide. Researchers need to consider the types of suicidal feelings, environmental factors, emotional factors, and substance abuse factors. Until then this problem will persist with devastating costs. Part of the solution will be determining the type of suicidal feelings the patient is experiencing. If practitioners know why the patient is feeling suicidal, he/she can begin to treat the core of the pro blem and possibly send the substance abuse into recovery as well (Jennings). Literature Review Jennings et al. looked at the different types of suicidal feelings. They identified four types of suicidal feelings. Type one is called Avoidance of Painful Consequences. This is the person who feels he or she has ruined all chances of a relationship with the people he or she is close to. The second type is called The Depressive Experience of â€Å"Crashing†.Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Barriers: Military Life vs. Civilian Life1259 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Barriers: Military Life vs. Civilian Life Marina Herrera Butte College Abstract This paper explores the interesting relationship between substance abuse and mental health problems among military and civilian life. As well as stigma barriers to treatment within a military vs. a civilian setting. The article â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment in the Military: Lessons Learned and a Way Forward† written by Katie Witkiewitz and ArmandoRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act And The Substance Abuse And Mental Health Service Administration?786 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse has been a known topic which has not been recognized and fully treated the way it should. Unlike general medicine, substance abuse treatments have their own facility and services apart from general settings, making it harder to get the recognition and the assistance needed to help the individuals in need. Both the Affordable Care Act and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA), which is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services have promotedRead MoreThe Mental Health Parity And Addiction Act1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act (MHPAEA) of 2008. 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In fact anything can make it difficult for an individual’s ability to interact effectivelyRead MoreTaking a Look at Homelessness893 Words   |  4 Pagesthis community, there are a large number of homeless individuals. In homeless population, mental illness commonly present in the forms of schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse, and other affective disorders. According to Metro Vancouver Homeless Count, there are â€Å"400 homeless people in Surrey, representing 15% of the regions 2650 homeless† (City of Surrey, n.d, â€Å"2014†). This problem has been present for many years and there are still people suffering from the basic lackRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Older Adults Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesI was surprised to hear that substance abuse is a growing epidemic among our elderly because when I think of the elderly I don’t think falling over on the floor drunk or sitting at a bar knocking drinks back. It really is an â€Å"invisible epidemic†. It was shocking to hear that because of insufficient knowledge, health care providers often overlook substance abuse among older adults and fail to diagnose them correctly. â€Å"Symptoms of substance abuse in older individuals sometimes mimic symptoms of otherRead MoreDrug Policy And Funding Has Not Changed Much Over The Past Two Decades1505 Words   |  7 PagesControl Budget. As of 2014, the majority of funding for this budget went into supply reduction (59.9%), demand reduction (40.1%), and domestic law enforcement (36.8%). Only 35 percen t of the funding was provided for treatment of drug abuse, and 5.1 percent for drug abuse prevention (Sacco, 2014, p.16). These numbers have not changed since 2005, when they were within a 5 percent difference (Sacco, 2014, p.16). These figures are a representation of why drug policy and funding has not worked for decadesRead MoreRelationship Between Mental Health And Addiction1470 Words   |  6 PagesIf you or someone you love is seeking treatment for a substance abuse related disorder in addition to a psychiatric disorder, you will come across two terms in your research: co-occurring disorders and dual diagnosis. Right off you may be more concerned about simply getting help for your addiction. Maybe it has caused you to lose your job and your family is in tatters. It s important to note that when substance abuse and mental illness co-occur specialized treatment is needed. First, however, youRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects On The United States1050 Words   |  5 Pagesn arcotics were used, but during the 19th century is when the active substances in drugs were found. Many of these substances were given over the counter and weren t regulated, which meant that people could easily obtain substances such as morphine, cocaine, landuam, and many others. During the early 1900s, an estimate of about 250,000 people were abusing a substance within the United States. Substance abuse is a serious problem which can affect one s physical and psychological capabilities, theirRead MoreMental Illness Of The Mentally Ill On Deinstitutionalization1514 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness in America has become an increasingly popular topic of discussion. Rather than being placed in hospitals for treatment, mentally ill individuals are being placed into correctional facilities for their actions. Persons with serious mental illness (SMI) such as bi-polar disorder, severe depression, schizophrenia and etc. have trouble within society. Many lack income and stable living a rrangements to be able to succeed in the community. Side effects of their illness can enable them to

Personal Goals And Abilities Of A Social Enterprise

According to (Young, 2008) â€Å"A social enterprise is thought to be something new and something distinct from classical business and traditional non-profit activity, combining at different extents elements of the social purpose, the market orientation and financial performance standards of business†. When looking at starting up a social enterprise there are important points that need to be looked at the help ensure the enterprise is successful. Firstly before the start up of a social or technological enterprise there are issues that have to be assessed, these are personal goals and abilities, resource availability and opportunity (Schaper, Volery, Weber Gibson, 2014). The personal goals and abilities of a social enterprise are to address social and environmental problems, mostly looking at the root of a market, also aiming for the majority of profits to be reinvested back into the enterprise this will increase social purpose. A standard enterprise is usually more concerned in earning profits for the shareholders and owners (Social Enterprise UK, 2012). Resource availability is another issue that has to be assessed before starting a social enterprise, more specifically entry costs and exit costs. 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It shows that the company uses the social orientation framework of communication content in engaging its staff members at all levels and in all outlets. It starts from face-to-face interrelationships of employees and management. In ma intaining social connections in the vast coverage of the enterprise, thereRead MoreA Market Based Approach For Community Development Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities. increasing opportunities for social inclusion and economic sustainability Social Sustainability 1. True community development exemplifies the relationship between the local actor and the interconnectedness that needs to exist to accomplish change. Market based approaches to community development involve those who participate in the social economy i.e. cooperatives, social enterprises etc. Locally tied, these market based approaches tap into social capital as key business practice. BroadlyRead MoreThe Substance Of The Bargain Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesgives what, who gets what, and when those deliveries and receipts will take place. Each transaction delivers a bundle of values. They include economic benefits, social recognition, autonomy and decision rights, satisfaction of deep personal needs, social interactions, fulfilment of generative and legacy desires, and delivery on altruistic goals. After an insightful conversation with his father, Kapur wished to start a poultry business giving up his high paying job at WIMCO. He had made his calculationsRead MoreHuman Resources Management– Case Study1421 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement, employee relationship management, employee safety and health management, etc. Namely: enterprise modern management method, is used to obtain (candidate), human resource development (education), maintain (retention) and using the () of choose and employ persons to plan, organize, command, control and coordination and a series of activities, achieve finally realize enterprise development goals of a management behavior. Person is the most important assets of the organization, as wellRead MoreBMGT 110 Final Paper Kelly S Sandwich Shop Case Study 11731 Words   |  7 Pagesidentify how different factors effect on the growth of small businesses. 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The Career Of A Career For Myself At A Well Reputed Institute

Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work - Aristotle True to the words of Aristotle, I made the decision to establish a career for myself in the field of technology where my strongest penchant lies. Right from my schooling, I loved computer based projects, working dedicatedly to discover the field and its rich technicalities. The most impressive aspect of the field is programming and coding, which I discovered for the first time through basic coding in C during school. From then on, I have been an avid programmer, utilizing every opportunity that comes my way to innovate and experiment. I have written codes for simple programs in school and designed complex projects based on programming in college. After 4.5 years of professional†¦show more content†¦Basic courses like Computer Programming, Principle of Programming Language, Object Oriented Programming laid the foundation for me to cultivate an advanced knowledge in the field. Having a strong foundation helped me in coping up with highly technical and challenging courses such as Computer Architecture, Compiler Construction and so on. Moreover, as a practice oriented person, I had a natural inclination toward the practical sessions. When it came to programming, I was often found experimenting with algorithms and innovatively worked to bring out the best output. I enjoyed all the programming language lab sessions, including Web programming, C, C++, etc. Considering programming as my forte, I ultimately chose a project that required strong programming skills as well. My final year project, Network Management was based on networking and the process involved in it. In a scenario of multiple systems with one network, we aimed at monitoring and controlling the various processes in all the systems. Ours was the only project based on Networking and involved a fully operating computer network. As part of the project, I developed my acumen in running a computer network, a LAN connecting on LAN and with each other. As a unique project, it involved a lot of innovation and challenges. With a team of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. students, I was able to work through the technical glitches and setbacks to fabricate a successful project.

Corporate Accounting Financial Assessment for Accounts

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Accounting for Financial Assessment for Accounts. Answer: Qantas Airways Non-financial Assets The value regarding the non- financial assets is appropriately analyzed in the balance sheet in order to determine and evaluate there is any impairment present or not. Therefore, if there is impairment then it will help to estimate the recoverable amount of the asset. For intangible assets and goodwill, recoverable amount is calculated towards the end of the financial year. Therefore, assets regain able amount is greater than the fair value less sell costs. The assets help to increase flow of cash, for instance aircraft that are evaluated on the cash generating unit (Annual Report, 2016). The estimated flow of cash used to determine recoverable amount is discounted at the net present value using the discount rates that reflect an assessment of current market of time money value and risks specific to assets. The identification of CGU of the asset required judgment, and it requires determination of low aggregation of assets that helps to produce an independent flow of cash. The lowest assets aggregation gives augment to the CGUs as described by the AASB 136: mutilation of the assets are Qantas Domestic CGU, Qantas loyalty CGU, Qantas International CGU, Jetstar Group CGU and Qantas Freight CGU. Financial Assets The value regarding the financial assets seems to be evaluated at the reporting date for the purpose of determining whether there is any impairment. The financial assets are considered to be impaired if the objective shows that the event has negative impact on the estimated flow of cash of those assets. The impairment losses in the financial asset is estimated at the amortized costs is estimated as difference between the present value and carrying amount of estimated future flow of cash discounted at an effective rate of interest of the asset. Commonwealth Bank Provisions for the Impairment of Financial Assets The mutilation of the financial asset impairment arises, anywhere; the evidence is intention of the mutilation at a collective or individual basis, and an adequate amount to cover the credit related loss. The credit loss arises from the loans and also from the credit mechanisms such as guarantees, contingent liabilities, bank recognition and financial mechanisms. The provisions appraises are increased with presenting evidence objective of the mutilation. The provisions assessed are commonly made against the risk rate credit facility where there is a loss of amount $20,000. The provision is established primarily based on approximating the fair assessment of the guarantee taken and estimated as the dissimilarity between carrying amount of financial assets and present cost of the expected future flow of cash and discounted at original interest rate of the financial assets (Annual Report, 2016). The receivables and provision loan that do not have appraised provision individually are coll ectively appraised for the mutilation. The necessities are balanced in order to decrease carrying value of the portfolios of receivables and loans to the recoverable amounts at the balance sheet date. Therefore, the assessment process is subjected to the series of judgments and estimates. In the risk rating system, risk fragment including the default loss rates, default frequency, loss history and structure, diversity and size borrowers are considered. The current developments in the portfolios are reviewed. The management considered indicators of the portfolio performance, economic conditions, and quality. The change in estimates imposes a significant impact on the determined level of provision. 2. Impairment of Assets ensures that the assets of the companies are not carried more than the recoverable amount. The provision of Impairment of Qantas Airways and Commonwealth Bank align with the valuation role. The provision of impairment shows the actual value of the assets. Therefore, the assets of both the companies are carried out not more than recoverable amount. Mutilation loss is the benefit amount that surpasses the regain able amount. The impairment loss account of the companies shows the amount of assets exceeding its regain able amount. The actual cost of assets of Qantas Airways and Commonwealth Bank are shown in the financial report of companies (Holton, 2012). The profit and loss statement of both the companies shows the profit or loss of current accounting year which also helps to determine and evaluate the actual of the companies. The carrying amount is the amount at which the possessions are identified in the balance sheet after subtracting accumulated impairment los ses and accumulated depreciation. The superior the reasonable cost of the assets, least would be the discarding costs and its cost in use. Therefore, the financial statements should show the actual value of the assets. The financial statement of Qantas Airways and Commonwealth Bank shows the actual or fair value of the assets. Therefore at the closing stages of the accounting year, both the companies assess whether the assets can be impaired, and if the assets can be impaired, then the recoverable amount of the assets should be calculated. The provision for impairment shows the recoverable amount of the assets. The balance sheet of the companies shows the assets and liabilities of the current accounting year (Moles, 2011). The recoverable amounts of the assets are estimated annually and detailed calculation of the recoverable amount. The actual value of the assets is determined and evaluated as per the Australian accounting standard. The transportation amounts of non-financial posse ssions are appropriately evaluated at the financial statements to identify whether there is a sign of the mutilation. The assets are the one that helps to generate a flow of cash and are used to determine the recoverable amounts at their net present value. The transportation amounts of financial possessions are assessed at the reporting date and to decide whether they can be impaired or not. The impairment provision of the financial assets is raised with the objective of the damage at a cost to cover the acclaimed assess related losses. Therefore, the reasonable costs of the assets are calculated and are shown in the financial reports. Therefore, impairment of assets aligns with the role of valuation. References Annual Report, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf Annual Report, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/cba-annual-report-30%20June-2015.pdf Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Multidimensional Assessment Framework †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Multidimensional Assessment Framework. Answer: Jasons Case scenario Jason is a 16 year old, year 10 student of Chinese Malaysian ethnicity. His parents came to Australia when he was four years old and he has two younger sisters both born in Australia. Jasons parents run a restaurant and hold strong traditional beliefs related to Confucian ethics and filial piety. They expect him to take over the family business and to continue the family name and lineage through marriage and children. Jasons main interest at school is in art, at which he excels and in which he wants to establish a career. Lately however he has been falling behind in all his subjects and his year teacher, Mr Martin reports that he seems to be generally disinterested and isolating himself from all other students except a student called Troy who is continually bullied by other boys who call him a fag and tell him he should use the girls toilet. Recently Jason was found near the school oval unconscious with a bottle of anti-depressant tablets beside him. Mr Martin wonders if it could hav e been a suicide attempt. He is also wondering that because Jason spends so much time with Troy then he may be experiencing some distress relating to gender and identity. Consequently, Mr Martin has referred Jason to the School Counselor. Jason is anxious and reluctant, afraid that his parents will also be asked to attend. He has told his parents that he just fainted at school and everything is fine. Initial assessment Jason is a 16-year-old boy, who is a year ten student who migrated from Australia when he was age 4 with his parents. Jasons cultural background had changed. The family owns a restaurant of which he is expected to take from some years later of which as at per now he depends on his parent's finances. He has two younger sisters born in Australia. In school, he has interest in arts and fails other subjects. A multidimensional framework is used to gather and analyze information on Jason. Jason is distressed, and he lacks self-esteem. His sense of hopelessness is demonstrated when he attempts suicide. His parents dont know of his innate abilities or interests; they demand blind obedience from him. He feels as if he is chasing a lost dream, he flops in all his subjects. His ethnic background also limits him from following his career path which invalidates his ability to make decisions based on what he feels is right for him. This causes Jason to feel unappreciated and insignificant and mak es him feel less than what he is. In addition to that, He maintains a limited social network in school but has frequent contact with Troy who is shunned because of being different. He might have a problem identifying with his gender and identity, and this may bar him from interacting with the opposite sex, despite his family expectations of marriage. They are both socially withdrawn either because of depression or exclusion. Jason is very secretive towards his parents and seldom communicates to his parents is as a result of the fear infringed on him by his parents. This makes him be an involuntary client. Jason seems to be forced to take a course he is not interested. There is a possibility that Jason will continue failing in all his subjects if he is relentlessly pushed toward a career he doesnt want to pursue. He will not achieve good grades if he is not motivated mainly by his parents. Probably, he might face possible suspension or expulsion due to drug and substance abuse or even die from the same. This will mess up the relationship with his family possibly facing alienation forcing him to isolate himself even more. The feel of rejection might lead to chronic depression (Engels, 2009). The fact that one day he might not conform to the gender role his cultural and ethnic background prescribes unto him places him at risk of facing stigma in the society. He is reluctant and does not want to share his problems. Since he was assigned to me by my supervisor, my goal will be to change Jasons life in six months. I will be using the SMART approach (Haughey 2014) to set the goals. One of our goals will be on improving on his subjects which can be done on a monthly assessment on his grades, increasing the number of social connections by ensuring he makes two new friends in one week. I would seek informed consent from him and ensure maximum confidentiality of his information with me from circulating among the classmates and others. Assessment tool I used an ecomap as an assessment tool to analyze the information. It is pretty clear from the information provided that Jason has a positive connection with (troy and arts), weak connection with the (parents) and stressful connection with his (school work and other classmates). Additionally, a culturagram can be used to examine the effects exposed to him by the change of culture due to the migration. Social work knowledge Listening empathetically, studying body languages was important in analyzing the case. Many clients have a problem with verbal expressions thus a social worker is required to interpret the thought held within which requires a clear understanding of the human psychology. I employed detailed note-taking for development of strategic interventions. Research-based knowledge to develop research questions for client engagement is essential.Knowledge of a variety of different response approaches by one's specialty is an absolute must. Strategies used in intervening in Jasons situation were about what he was going through. Understanding developmental stages goes a long way in analyzing a case in an accurate manner (King and Kitchener, 1994). This includes clients background information which will now provide a clear comprehension of the client. This includes prerequisite for appropriate intervention that is helpful to the client Social work knowledge played a vital role in gathering the evidence for assessment. Additionally, it requires theory development, ability to formulate concepts and relate them to propositions hypotheses development and organize them into a coherent whole. From understanding the case theory from extensive professional knowledge, intervention strategies to change the current problem are selected Intervention plan After all, information gathered about Jason and goal setting; this will be a phase to bring about change in Jasons life. I will ask Jason for his opinion on what can deter him from changing his current life. I will ensure support care is put in place for Jason. The assessment ascertained that Jason is distressed which makes him have difficulty in his schoolwork (Arun and Garg, 2017). He has no one to talk to, not even his parents. Encouraging a supportive school environment by regularly checking in on Jason would go a long way in showing him that somebody cares and he is not facing his battles alone. This will, in turn, promote a harmonious relationship within his school environment, and it will make it easier for him to interact with his peers. I will set up a meeting with Jasons parents. This will help them follow up with him to evaluate how he is fairing in school. Teachers to work with his parents in taking up additional responsibilities especially on follow up meetings. They should spend more time with him. This will enable them to identify his talents and abilities, strengths and weaknesses and by this, they will realize that their son wants to take up art as a career. They should build on their relationship by improving on communication approaches like listening empathetically (Murray and Mereoiu, 2016). Apart from that, school to should prioritize on implementing a program that is against bullying (Slee and Skrzypiec, 2016). This will create a safe space for both Jason and Tony to freely express what the feel without the fear of being judged or sidelined. Influence of Troy will be used to change in life. In addition to that, his parents to improve their parenting skills in order to treat the severe emotional trauma in Jason. They should also be offered support on impacting positive parental skills unto them. This will boost Jasons confidence and self-esteem, and he will no longer alienate himself from his peers. Also, Jason is to be granted freedom of expression in regards to his life career this will help Jason in pursuing what he likes the beat to avoid the failure of the course he is taking. Professional Values used Professional codes stipulate values that serve to assist social workers to navigate professional considerations and obligations throughout their careers. These standards are the basis on which the social work profession can be held accountable. Professional values and beliefs relevant to Jasons case include: Independence Independence requires that the social worker should be and should appear to be free in the professional assignment he undertakes avoiding situations that may affect his objectivity. Independence ensures that a social worker is free of the influence of the client. Impediments to autonomy include being a social worker and a friend to the client, having an intimate relationship, being a teacher to the client or engaging in significant financial transactions with the client. These are boundary violations and pose harm to the client (Reamer, 2018) Personal values Family security- Being concerned about loved ones. One who values family will easily fit themselves in a clients family shoe and endeavor to give the best in the circumstances. Wisdom - Ability to integrate knowledge, experience, understanding, and judgment. A good social worker should be able to see through complex problems and offer simple, understandable but relevant solutions. Helpfulness This is the voluntary urge to assist people and is sometimes referred to as altruism. Social workers possessing this attribute exhibit diligence, passion and motivation for work. Capability This refers to the competence and ability to efficiently apply skills and solve issues in totality. Responsibility A social worker should be dependable in the circumstances. He should be moral, legally and psychologically accountable. Politeness One should be courteous and recognizes rights of the client. Politeness facilitates easier communication through breaking barriers. Excellence A good social worker should have a great desire and ambition to complete tasks assigned to them successfully. Social Work Ethics and Values Social values refer to the cognitive elements possessed by an individual or community for maintaining social order. They play a significant role in determining peoples behavior and actions (Martin, 2010). Relevant social values include: Social Justice Social justice entails helping the underprivileged and vulnerable populations. Such include the homeless, people struggling with drugs and substance abuse and domestic violence victims. A social worker inherently yearns to advance the lives of people are disadvantaged in society. The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers notes that social change efforts in social work are concentrated on joblessness, poverty, bigotry and other types of social injustice. Dignity and worth of the individual. Social workers should be aware of a patients values and beliefs and honor them. A client enjoys the right treatment devoid of discrimination according to sex, ethnicity, nationality, origin, religion or economic background Service to Humanity Service to people is one of the core values that inform social work. Professional social workers acknowledge that service to others supersedes self-interest and thus prioritize the clients needs (Rassin, 2008). Confidentiality Social workers must uphold secrecy concerning a clients condition. They should avoid sharing information to or discussing issues relating to a client with outsiders (Parrott, 2014) Competence Refers to the ability to practice in an area of expertise and continually strive to improve your knowledge. They are a collection of related skills, commitments, information, and skills that allow a person to manage a particular situation (Northouse, 2018). Ethical dilemmas Where two or more values are put against each other, there arises a conflict as one has to take priority over the other. Social workers are often faced with such dilemmas. When faced with such, a social worker should settle for the most appropriate value in the circumstances. In Jasons scenario, social works values were pitted against Jasons self-determination rights. The following section illustrates the conflict. Social work values Vs.Self-determination. Ethics are guidelines formulated to assist social workers in conducting themselves professionally (Congress, 2017). Whereas professional ethics and universal rights dictate that a client should be allowed to enjoy the freedom of making decisions without coercion, some circumstances require the power of self-determination be suspended. If a social worker believes that a clients decision is not made in the clients best interest, the social worker can choose a course of action the client is opposed. Jason lied to his parents that he just fainted at school and that everything was fine. He is also reluctant to see the school counselor as he is afraid his parents might be involved. As a social worker, I believe telling Jasons parents the truth is necessary. Jason is a minor under the care of his parents, and therefore any concerns touching on his welfare should be escalated to them. According to Villani (2016), forms of beneficence should prevail where a clients choice is deemed harmful. Conclusion To achieve full benefits of social work, a subtle balance of ethics, professional code of conduct and personal values should be employed. Modern-day assessments methods applying multidimensional frameworks have improved the credibility and reliability of the profession worldwide. Further studies into the discipline should be conducted to develop assessment methods and consolidate more knowledge. References Arun, P., Garg, R., Chavan, B. S. (2017). Stress and suicidal ideation among adolescents having academic difficulty.Industrial Psychiatry Journal,26(1), 64. Congress, E. P. (2017). What social workers should know about ethics: Understanding and resolving practice dilemmas.Social Work Ethics, 1909. Engels, R. C. (2009). [Commentary] EARLY PUBERTAL MATURATION AND DRUG USE: UNDERLYING MECHANISMS.Addiction,104(1), 67-68. Hebenstreit, H. (2017). The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics and Cultural Competence: What Does Anne Fadiman's The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Teach Us Today?Health social work,42(2), 103-107. Martin, R. (2010).Social work assessment. Learning Matters. Milner, J., Myers, S., O'Byrne, P. (2015).Assessment in social work. Palgrave Macmillan. Murray, M. M., Mereoiu, M. (2016). Teacher-parent partnership: an authentic teacher education model to improve student outcomes.Journal of Further and Higher Education,40(2), 276-292. Northouse, P. G. (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. O'hagan, K. (2007).Competence in social work practice: A practical guide for students and professionals. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Parrott, L. (2014).Values and ethics in social work practice. Learning Matters. Rassin, M. (2008). Nurses' professional and personal values.Nursing Ethics,15(5), 614-630. Reamer, F. G. (2018). Ethical Issues in Integrated Health Care: Implications for Social Workers.Health social work. Slee, P. T., Skrzypiec, G. (2016). Anti-bullying Interventions. InWell-Being, Positive Peer Relations and Bullying in School Settings(pp. 155-183). Springer, Cham. Villani, P. (2016). A Beginner's Guide to Ethical Awareness in Long-Term Care Services. InEthics and Values in Long Term Health Care(pp. 17-38). Routledge.

Writing Persuasive Essay Topics

Writing Persuasive Essay TopicsYour persuasive essay is, in all likelihood, going to center on current events. The student who addresses this topic with accuracy and ingenuity should be considered a success. It's an area of the education that we'll explore in a later article.However, writing a persuasive essay about current events requires you to know how to cover an enormous subject, which is all the more reason why a strong foundation is necessary. The facts don't lie, but the arguments can be debated. You have to know your facts, your key facts, and how to identify the opposing viewpoint.When it comes to politics, very few issues are as contentious as the ones involving the environment, religion, or politics, and so these are the most difficult issues to write about. There are still some facts that you should consider when writing a persuasive essay about a political issue. Your information is your first line of defense against a weak argument. When you don't know what the opposin g viewpoint is, you cannot support your arguments by true facts.Sometimes, it may be useful to draw upon previous research to support your arguments in a particular piece of writing. Your persuasive essay topics can help you with this. Fact: a critical success factor is the existence of information that can support your arguments.If you haven't checked the data, you're just guessing about the facts. It's important to know whether or not your guesses are correct. There are other ways to gather data, however. For example, if you are trying to get students to back up a position you hold, you will find other ways to get the students to support the points you are making.The statistics may be your friends when they tell you there is no need to check the data. But that is only if the data is completely accurate. Students are, in all likelihood, always going to have some opinions. If there is something that you don't know about a particular topic, you should take time to do a little researc h.When you have personal experiences that you can tell how the point might be affected by, it is probably wise to consider including them. This is what the effective persuasive essay writing techniques is about. In the case of environmental issues, this means consulting a professor who specializes in environmental issues, or perhaps asking a well-known environmentalist about your issue. The Internet is another source of information.Presenting the argument about climate change, global warming, or even global poverty in the case of current events, requires great attention to detail. If you aren't sure how to think of your topic, or even how to think of the topic, ask an expert. The experts in this case can actually help you, by taking away some of the guesswork involved. If you really want to succeed at persuasive essay topics, you should take the time to understand the issues better.

Compare and contrast the state-building strategies Essay Example

Compare and contrast the state-building strategies Essay Brief 123345 Compare and contrast the state-building schemes of autocratic provinces and that of rentier monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa. Which type of province is more stable? Use a instance survey for each type of province to exemplify your statement The followers will compare and contrast the province edifice schemes of the autocratic provinces and so rentier monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa. After the two types of governments have been compared and contrasted, decisions and observations as to which type has the best province edifice schemes and therefore offers the highest degrees of stableness will be outlined. The autocratic provinces of the rentier monarchies of the Middle East and North Africa have common factors in their histories, societies and economic systems and spiritual beliefs. On the other manus, there are factors that have contributed to the differences between the autocratic provinces and rentier monarchies being greater than merely being down to them holding different province edifice schemes. Whilst some of the provinces in the Middle East and North Africa have a long history other provinces are more recent creative activities. As will be outlined below province edifice schemes were needed through out the Middle East and North Africa as a effect of the prostration of the Ottoman Empire and de-colonisation by the European powers, particularly Britain and France. As a point of mention province edifice can be seen as the effort to obtain a permanent population, a defined district and a authorities capable of keeping effectual control over its district and of carry oning international dealingss with other states’ ( Evans A ; Newnham, 1998, p.512 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the state-building strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the state-building strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the state-building strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Middle East and North Africa have factors that have had a strong influence on province edifice whether in autocratic provinces or rentier monarchies. The strongest links between all the provinces in the Middle East and North Africa with the exclusion of Israel, is Islam. The provinces in the Middle East and North Africa have found it hard to set up any signifier of authorities that has been to the full representative, to the full democratic and that has been able to happen an effectual balance between secular authorization and the Islamic communities within each province. The terminal of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent backdown of France and Britain from the part left behind provinces that were either ruled by dictators or one party regulation and the rentier monarchies. These provinces have the differentiation of being unrepresentative and autocratic ( Akbar, 2003, pp. xvi-xvii ) . The relationship between Iran and autocratic provinces or the rentier monarchies of the Midd le East and North Africa is non ever easy to specify and it either strengthens or destroys these governments. Islamic fundamentalist motions seeking to transform their states in to truly Islamic provinces can be found across the part endangering the stableness of what fundamentalists would see as illicit governments. The most successful fundamentalist group was that led by Ayatollah Khomeini who gained power in Iran after tumbling the rentier monarchy of the Shah ( Choueiri in Eatwell A ; Wright, 2003, pp.270-71 ) . As a whole the Islamic influence has been stronger in the Middle East than in North Africa, where provinces such as Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria have had to make up ones mind whether to put the greatest accent on being African or Islamic. The stableness of the provinces in the Middle East and North Africa have besides had to take into history patriotism, socialism and liberalism when organizing their province edifice schemes ( Deegan, 1996, p.21 ) . The state chosen as the instance survey for the ways that authoritarian provinces have a province edifice scheme in the Middle East and North Africa will be Iran, although prior to 1979 it would hold made a good instance survey for rentier monarchies. Iran has long history as a state and at assorted times has been a great power. As Persia, Iran took portion in major wars against the Greeks, the Romans, and the Byzantine Empire. Iran was one of the first topographic points to be conquered by Muslims in the 7Thursdaycentury and Islam has been a cardinal portion of the province since ( Lewis, 1995, p.36 ) . Iran became and remains the state with the largest Shia Muslim population, a fact that both the Shah and the radical government that overthrew him have emphasised ( Mansfield, 2003, p.15 ) . Persian Shah portraying themselves as the guardians of the Shia religion was non a creative activity of the 20Thursdaycentury Shah in the efforts at province edifice, although they did utilize it for that intent. The Safavid dynasty attempted to vie with the Sunni Ottoman Empire from the 16Thursdaycentury ( Lewis, 1995, p.114 ) . Persian independency was at times threatened by Britain and Russia, due to the British controlling India and the Russians spread outing their imperium. It was, nevertheless, the British that gave the Iranian’s greater prosperity by utilizing oil to power the Royal Navy’s ships merely before the First World War. British influence in Iran was strong plenty to coerce a alteration in the dynasty of the Shah. As British power declined the Persian government turned to the United States for arms engineering and aid with modernization, which the United States agreed to provide to procure oil supplies ( Aburish, 1997, p.79 ) . There had been much bitterness in Iran that the British made more money out of Persian oil than the Iranians did. The Iranians nationalised the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 with the United States step ining to halt the British from taking military action. Once the United States pulled off the remotion of the Prime Minister Mossadeq, the Shah relied on his confederation with them to keep his clasp on power. As a province edifice scheme it finally failed ( Akbar, 2003, pp.244-45 ) . The Shah deluded himself that his government was popular, non gaining that the confederation with the United States and his efforts at modernization would finally take to his autumn from power ( Keay, 2003 p. 461 ) . As for the Americans they put Persian oil in front of the Persian people in their support for the Shah. That is the usual American attitude to the governments of the Middle East and North Africa, back up the pro-American regimes no affair how they run their states ( Painter, 1999 p. 80 ) . Ironically plenty, the autocratic province edifice scheme in Iran would alter under the leading of a adult male that believed patriotism was yet another signifier of political and moral debasement from the West, Ayatollah Khomeini. Khomeini asserted that Iran was free to support itself, yet that patriotism if directed against other Muslim states is contrary to the baronial Qu’ran’ ( Khomeini, 1981, p.302 ) . The Persian government regarded itself as the first true Islamic State and was to construct itself up by distributing radical Islam across the Islamic universe ( Hobsbawm, 1994 p. 454 ) . Once in power the province edifice schemes of the radical government in Iran was straightforward plenty. Khomeini and the government merely stated that the autocratic nature of their government was required for them to set up and keep Iran as the world’s foremost Islamic State. Khomeini and the other Ayatollahs were non corrupt, greedy, and evil sovereign like the Shah or the male monarch of Saudi Arabia. They were non secular minded swayers like Nasser in Egypt or Saddam Hussein in Iraq. The biggest selling point of the government was non that it was autocratic but that it was the righteous regulation of the imaums that would do Iran a beacon of virtuousness throughout the Muslim universe. The government was implementing Islamic jurisprudence as it should hold ever have been implemented ( Mernissi, 1993, pp.24-25 ) . The Persian government bases its political legitimacy upon its spiritual legitimacy. The government as the defender of true Islam against the benign influence of Western broad democracy and the lip service of Islamic states no affair whether they were autocratic provinces or rentier monarchies. The Ayatollah Khomeini and his government used propaganda and censoring both as a province edifice scheme and a agencies to export the constructs of extremist Shia Islam. In a sense internal propaganda was non needed as the Persian Revolution and the government that emerged from it was what the bulk of Iranians wanted. The Iranians were glad to see the terminal of the greedy and corrupt shah’s regulation, with his unpopular efforts at modernization and secularization. The anti-American stance of the government was a successful portion of its province edifice scheme, anti-American sentiment meant that it gained popular support across the Middle East and North Africa even though the autoc ratic provinces and rentier monarchies feared the effects of the revolution ( Aburish, 1997, p.41 ) . Interrupting the links with the United States that the Shah had maintained was popular, yet no government with the spiritual and ideological mentality of Khomeini could digest such links. Any hopes that the United States may hold held of retaining those links were broken by the Tehran surety crisis. The Persian Revolution shocked many other states ; it raised frights of farther revolution, which peculiarly concerned the Americans, the Soviet Union and Iraq ( Hobsbawm, 1994, p. 453 455 ) . For the United States the loss of a friendly government in Iran was a sedate loss in military, political, and economic footings, for that government to be replaced by a extremist Islamic government intensified those loses ( Keay, 2003 p. 389 ) . It was Iraq that unwittingly gave the Persian government a encouragement for its province edifice scheme by motivating an rush in patriotism. Patriots feelings had been running high due to the revolution and the subsequent surety crisis with the United States, the Iraqi invasion of 1980 meant that every loyal Iranian supported the government, whilst for the government it further justified the remotion of the leftovers of resistance within the state. The Iraqis had expected a fleet triumph due to the convulsion caused by the Persian Revolution and the purge of the shah’s protagonists in the Persian ground forces and their replacing by the Revolutionary Guard. Given that the initial advantages that Iraq had in the ready supply of weaponries from the United States and the Soviet Union in peculiar, the Iranians did really good to drag the war on until 1989. The Persian government used the war with Iraq to speed up its province edifice scheme, Iranians were exhorted to contend on s piritual and loyal evidences, those of supporting their state, whilst get the better ofing the evil Saddam Hussein and his Sunni Muslim compatriots. The Persian government found it comparatively easy to enroll voluntaries to contend Iraq, mentioning to their dead as sufferer. The Persian government continued the war despite its homo and fiscal cost as it believed licking would destroy its province edifice scheme and even stop the government itself ( Deegan, 1996, p.204 ) . The war itself transformed the Revolutionary Guard from an unequal reserves into an effectual combat force that guaranteed the internal stableness of the radical province ( Davies, 2003, p.195 ) . By the clip the war against Iraq had finished and despite the decease of Khomeini in 1989 the province edifice scheme of radical Iran had achieved stableness. The biggest menace to its endurance could stem from its difference with the United Nations over its atomic programme ( Dean, 2004 p.22 ) . This difference is soon being used to bestir anti-American feelings in Iran, yet the government may hold to see the possibility of an American led invasion, particularly whilst President Bush remains in office. Whilst Iran is confronting economic countenances and even military onslaught, it is utilizing rhetoric for onslaughts on Israel plus suicide bomb onslaughts on Britain and the United States. Iran has declared that it has squad of self-destruction bombers available ( Sunday Times, 16 April 2006 ) . Iran has enriched U quicker than the United Nations and United States expected which merely increases their uncertainness over Persian purposes, they do non believe that Iran merely has peac eable purposes for its atomic programme ( Al-Ahram, 13 –19 April 2006 ) . The rentier monarchy chosen as a instance survey is Saudi Arabia. Arabia contains the two holiest metropoliss in Islam, Mecca and Medina ; hence, how it is ruled, and who regulations it has ever held great significance for Muslims across the Earth. Arabia’s geographical place every bit good as its spiritual position has made it the most prized plus in the Middle East and North Africa. The British successfully orchestrated Arabian rebellion against the Ottomans, which led to the formation of the Arabian land under the control of the Saud dynasty. Since so the chief province edifice schemes have revolved around holding a more conservative less extremist Islam internally, whilst being happy to advance extremist Islamic political orientation to the remainder of the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond. Such an attack may hold apparently helped the stableness of the province but it is seen as lip service by Islamic fundamentalists and is non precisely popular with the United State s who ignore it merely because they need Saudi oil ( Esposito, 1999 p. 15 ) Ibn-Saud was the first swayer of Saudi Arabia and his policies for province edifice proved extremely effectual, if non ever popular with the Saudi people. Ibn-Saud started by settling the kingdom’s boundary lines. District was lost to Iraq, yet gained from Kuwait. Ibn-Saud delegated disposal and patroling to the tribal heads, although he ensured that his ground forces was strong and effectual. Saudi Arabia’s province edifice owed a great trade to Ibn-Saud shrewdness and personal prestigiousness ( Mansfield, 2003, p.186-87 ) . The Saudi’s built up the land without upsetting Britain, which was the dominant power in the Middle East during the inter-war period ( Lewis, 1995, p.344 ) . Prior to the find of big oilfields, the Saudi monarchy was non abundantly affluent ; it had to acquire by through doing money out of the pilgrims that went to Mecca and Medina. It was the find of huge measures of oil that made the province edifice scheme successful, it brought wealth to the big royal household and paid for royal castles, plus a good equipt ground forces. Although, a strong ground forces was considered critical for province edifice, the Saudi monarchy has ever been careful to hold the backup of Britain and particularly the United States ( Akbar, 2003, xvii ) . Hand in manus with military and fiscal links with the United States, the Saudi monarchy has frequently tried to keep up to day of the month engineering as portion of its province edifice attempts. The relationship with the United States provides the Saudi monarchy with the bulk of its military equipment and is the biggest consumer of Saudi oil. Since the Gulf War of 1990-91 the Saudi government believes it has boosted its security due to the presence of American armed forces within the state. However, a strong relationship with the United States is no longer a province edifice scheme that enhances the stableness of the government. Even before the United States established bases in Saudi Arabia the Saudi government had felt the demand to hold specialist anti-terrorist units to protect the oil refineries and the royal household. Outside of Israel it has some of the best-trained units in the Middle East and North Africa ( Davies, 2003 P 163 ) . In fact the presence of United States mili tary in the Arabian heartland of Islam has prompted terrorist onslaughts on both American and Saudi marks within the land and generates internal and external resistance to the Saudi government. In many respects the Saudi government has miscalculated in leting a big American presence into their state. Ibn Saud, for case, may hold taken British and American money plus arms, yet he neer allowed any Western military bases within the land as it was beyond the picket for many Muslims to believe that Mecca and Medina could be controlled by non-Islamic provinces ( Cameron, 2003 p. 140 ) . Paradoxically the stableness of the Saudi monarchy could be the victim of one of its other province edifice schemes, the publicity of extremist Islamic motions abroad. The Saudi government has attempted the complicated reconciliation act of friendly relationships with the West, advancing itself as the defender of Islam, whilst back uping extremist motions, and advancing the Palestinian cause against Israel. These schemes are evidently contradictory in many respects, whilst maintaining good dealingss with the West and back uping those that aim to destruct Israel, a province that the United States has strongly backed since its creative activity in 1948. The Saudi government has tried to cover up its contradictory schemes through repression and censoring ; it besides tries to strip unfriendly parts of the Saudi imperativeness of any information at all ( Aburish, 1997 p. 362 ) . For the Saudi government there can be no allow up in inhibitory steps and censoring as it believes that a rela xation of its controls would rush the death of the government itself. Journalists can be detained without charge for showing positions that the government disfavors. Journalists nevertheless likely have a better opportunity of being released than ordinary Saudis ( Arab News 15/4/2006 ) The Saudi government has funded extremist Islamic groups for decennaries, particularly those stand foring the Palestinians. The Saudis besides bankrolled at assorted times other provinces in the Middle East and North Africa such as Syria and Iraq that had larger armed forces that could be used against Israel. The Saudis financed the Iraqi war attempt against Iran, as it feared the rise of extremist Shia groups in the Middle East. The publicity of extremist causes was aimed at beef uping internal and external support for the government whilst debaring unfavorable judgment of its relationship with the United States. The publicity of extremist Islamic philosophies had the consequence of escalating resist ance to the monarchy within Saudi Arabia with a inhibitory response by the government ( Akbar, 2003 p. 208 ) . The human rights record of the Saudi government is far from being the best in the Middle East and North Africa, yet it is barely criticised by the United States, although human rights misdemeanors are frequently used as an alibi to take action against more openly anti-American governments. The state of affairs over human rights demonstrates the moral corruptness and lip service of the Saudi government whilst besides demoing up American dual criterions. That is a combination that farther undermines the Saudi monarchy and strengthens anti-American feelings ( Cameron, 2002 p. 167 ) . The administration that threatens to turn over the province edifice scheme of the Saudi government is one that is led by a Saudi whose household has near links with the royal household, and has many Saudi members, Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda was amongst many of the extremist Islamic groups formed to contend against the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda received Saudi support every bit good as American arms and preparation, although after the Soviet backdown from Afghanistan, it looked for farther struggles to contend in. Al-Qaeda respects any Islamic province or single Muslim that supports the United States as being legitimate marks for being attacked and even advocates the overthrow of governments if possible. For Al-Qaeda the presence of American forces in Saudi Arabia is the perfect stalking-horse for contending a war against the United States and the Saudi monarchy, the worst confederates in the Middle East and North Africa ( Akbar, 2003 p. 159 ) . Al-Qaeda therefore is the best illustration of how the Saudi regime’s province edifice scheme of advancing radicalism has backfired severely. The Saudi government possibly has no alternate but to go on its inhibitory internal steps and its close links with the United States. The importance of oil to the United States will intend that the Americans will go on to back up the Saudi government as it would see the remotion of the Saudi monarchy as being even more black to American involvements than the Persian Revolution ( Keay, 2003 p. 389 ) . Therefore, there are similarities and differences between the province edifice schemes of autocratic provinces and rentier monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa. Both autocratic provinces and rentier monarchies claim to set up their provinces on the footing of being Islamic provinces based on Islamic rules and ideological mentalities. Authoritarian provinces and rentier monarchies alike promote themselves as the defenders of Islam and morality and often use the defense mechanism of Islam as a stalking-horse for internal repression and censoring. In Iran both the Shah and the radical government after 1979 used the defense mechanism of Shia Islam as a province edifice scheme. The radical government could utilize that scheme more convincingly after being attacked by Iraq in 1980. The Saudi monarchy besides claims to be defender of Islam, particularly as Mecca and Medina are within its boundary lines. The shah’s government collapsed due to his efforts to modernize the sta te and the close links with the United States. The radical government has invariably shown anti-American rhetoric, which has proved popular domestically and besides in many parts of the Middle East and North Africa. The West frights Iran for its sensed combativeness and alleged support for terrorist groups. Internally the government seems secure. The biggest menace to its stableness could be the difference between itself and the United Nations and the United States over its atomic development programme. There is a strong possibility of economic countenances and military action being taken against Iran. However, the United States would happen Iran far more hard a state to suppress and get the better of than Iraq. Saudi Arabia’s stableness, like that of other rentier monarchies is surely non guaranteed. The Saudis need the Americans to vouch their security and their prosperity. However, it is the links with the United States that promote the internal and external resistance to the Saudi government. Al-Qaeda, an administration that owes so much to Saudi Arabian radicalism could keep the key to whether the Saudi monarchy survives or perishes. It would be a error to presume that the province edifice schemes of autocratic provinces and rentier monarchies have brought long-run stableness to the government. Rentier monarchies are likely somewhat more stable than autocratic provinces yet take off United States support from them, or if faced with a revolution with the same strength of the Persian Revolution and that stableness could stop overnight. The stableness of autocratic provinces depends on how good they maintain internal repression, deny any efforts at meaningful democracy and finally if they avoid struggle with each other or the United States. 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